"Efficacy of photodynamic therapy on the treatment of herpes labialis: A systematic review".

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of PDT in the management of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). STUDY DESIGN: systematic review. METHODS: This study was reported according to the PRISMA checklist and we performed a literature search on five databases. RESULTS: The search revealed that there are no published clinical trials addressing PDT on RHL, therefore we conducted a review of case reports and five studies were included for qualitative review. The number of treated patients varied from 2 to 6 in each article. Most studies used methylene blue as a photosensitizer, while one used 5-aminolevulinic acid. For light irradiation, most studies used laser and one used a red light from halogen lamp. Patients' follow-up varied from 24 h to 12 months. All articles reported good outcomes with resolution of disease and no recurrences. Only one study reported adverse effects during treatment (burning and pain). CONCLUSION: The results of this review suggest that PDT could be an effective treatment for herpes labialis. However, due to very few case reports and heterogeneity among protocols, there is a call for well-designed randomized clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of this therapy and to establish standardized protocols. The review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD CRD42018108973.

Response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to conditioned medium from cultured oral squamous cell carcinomas.

The current study investigated the capacity for tumor factors secreted by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, KB, KB16, and HEP, to induce the secretion of various cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were isolated from blood samples collected from six healthy volunteers and these cells were incubated for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hours in the presence of 50% conditioned medium collected from cultured cell lines pretreated with, or without, stimulants such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Aliquots of each supernatant were then assayed for levels of IFN-Γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF-α, and IL-4 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Data collected were analyzed using Student's t-test, an ANOVA test followed by Tukey's test, and tests of Pearson's Correlation. PBMCs cultured with KB16-conditioned medium produced the highest levels of IFN-Γ. VEGF was also detected in conditioned media collected from all of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines used, and a significant difference in VEGF levels between control and KB- or KB16-conditioned media was observed. TNF-α was secreted by all PBMC groups within 6 hours of receiving conditioned media, and these levels increased up to the 24 hour timepoint, after which levels of TNF-α stabilized. In contrast, none of the supernatant samples contained detectable levels of IL-4. In combination, these data suggest that direct contact between fresh human PBMCs and conditioned media from tumor cells induces the secretion of TNF-α and VEGF by PBMCs, and this represents an initial angiogenic response.

Response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to conditioned medium from cultured oral squamous cell carcinomas

The current study investigated the capacity for tumor factors secreted by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, KB, KB16, and HEP, to induce the secretion of various cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were isolated from blood samples collected from six healthy volunteers and these cells were incubated for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hours in the presence of 50 percent conditioned medium collected from cultured cell lines pretreated with, or without, stimulants such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Aliquots of each supernatant were then assayed for levels of IFN-Γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF-α, and IL-4 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Data collected were analyzed using Student's t-test, an ANOVA test followed by Tukey's test, and tests of Pearson's Correlation. PBMCs cultured with KB16-conditioned medium produced the highest levels of IFN-Γ. VEGF was also detected in conditioned media collected from all of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines used, and a significant difference in VEGF levels between control and KB- or KB16-conditioned media was observed. TNF-α was secreted by all PBMC groups within 6 hours of receiving conditioned media, and these levels increased up to the 24 hour timepoint, after which levels of TNF-α stabilized. In contrast, none of the supernatant samples contained detectable levels of IL-4. In combination, these data suggest that direct contact between fresh human PBMCs and conditioned media from tumor cells induces the secretion of TNF-α and VEGF by PBMCs, and this represents an initial angiogenic response.

Detection of single and mixed colonization of Candida species in patients with denture stomatitis

Aim: To evaluate the profile of the colonization by Candida spp. using presumptive identification to classify the patients with denture stomatitis as having single or mixed colonization, correlating with oral and systemic status. Methods: The CHROMagar Candida™ Medium (CC) for yeast culture and exfoliative cytology was used to identify colonization by Candida spp. and distinguish the different species of the Candida genus from patients with denture stomatitis (DS) and denture wearers without DS (control group). In addition, colonization was correlated with specific habits, such as tobacco and alcohol use, as well as with the use of systemic drugs. Results: Direct swabbing of whole unstimulated saliva (WUS) and palatal mucosa revealed colonization in 97.3% of the patients with DS. In the control group, 55.0% patients presented colonization. The presumptive identification found C. albicans as the most prevalent between both groups, respectively in 89.4% of the DS group and 40.0% from the control group. Regarding the nonalbicans species in the DS group, the most frequent were C. krusei (31.5%), C. glabrata (21.0%) C. tropicalis (15.7%) and Candida spp (2.6%). Smokers presented 90% of mixed isolates, and no C.albicans single colonization in the DS group, with statistically significant difference between smokers and non-smokers (p=0.0051). In the control group, the non-albicans species were C.glabrata (23.0%) and C.tropicalis (23.0%). The results of cytology from the DS group showed positive results in 22.2% of the cases. Conclusions: The use of CC was effective as a complementary method for the diagnosis of colonization by Candida spp. and DS, with the additional advantage of enabling a rapid presumptive identification of the specie. Smoking seemed to play a role in the colonization of oral mucosa by mixed albicans and non-albicans species. Mixed colonization seems to be more prevalent between patients with DS.

Keratoacanthoma of the lower lip: still a matter of diagnosis / Ceratoacancoma do lábio inferior: ainda um problema de diagnóstico

Introduction: Keratoacanthoma is a lesion that may mimic squamous cells carcinoma clinically and histologically and the distinction between both lesions has been a matter of discussion. Typical lesions consist of a firm dome-shaped nodule, 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter, with a horn-filled crater in its center. Objectives: To present it was selected an atypical case of a 43-year-old woman who had a solitary keratoacanthoma (KA) of the lower lip with a history of two years of evolution and mistreatment and to discuss the difficulties of the diagnosis process. Conclusion: Because of the rarity of the lesion and its similarity with squamous cells carcinoma the general dentist must explain to the patient that the clinical aspects are not conclusive of the diagnosis and a correct acquisition of the surgical specimen is crucial to an accurate histopathological interpretation and conclusive diagnosis.

Introdução: O ceratoacantoma é uma lesão que pode mimetizar clínica e histologicamente o carcinoma espinocelular, sendo discutível a distinção entre as duas lesões. As lesões típicas consistem em um nódulo firme, em forma de cúpula, com 1 a 2 centímetros de diâmetro e uma cratera central preenchida com queratina. Objetivo: Apresentar um caso atípico de uma mulher de 43 anos que apresentava uma lesão solitária de queratoacantoma no lábio inferior, com uma história de dois anos de evolução e erros de tratamento e discutir a dificuldade no processo de diagnóstico. Conclusão: Devido à raridade da lesão e sua semelhança com o carcinoma, o clínico geral deve explicar ao paciente que os aspectos clínicos não são conclusivos do diagnóstico e que a aquisição correta do espécime cirúrgico são cruciais para a análise histopatológica correta e para o diagnóstico conclusivo.

A simple method to measure cell viability in proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.

Resazurin dye has been broadly used as indicator of cell viability in several types of assays for evaluation of the biocompatibility of medical and dental materials. Mitochondrial enzymes, as carriers of diaphorase activities, are probably responsible for the transference of electrons from NADPH + H+ to resazurin, which is reduced to resorufin. The level of reduction can be quantified by spectrophotometers since resazurin exhibits an absorption peak at 600 etam and resorufin at 570 etam wavelengths. However, the requirement of a spectrophotometer and specific filters for the quantification could be a barrier to many laboratories. Digital cameras containing red, green and blue filters, which allow the capture of red (600 to 700 etam) and green (500 to 600 etam) light wavelengths in ranges bordering on resazurin and resorufin absorption bands, could be used as an alternative method for the assessment of resazurin and resorufin concentrations. Thus, our aim was to develop a simple, cheap and precise method based on a digital CCD camera to measure the reduction of resazurin. We compared the capability of the CCD-based method to distinguish different concentrations of L929 and normal Human buccal fibroblast cell lines with that of a conventional microplate reader. The correlation was analyzed through the Pearson coefficient. The results showed a strong association between the measurements of the method developed here and those made with the microplate reader (r(2) = 0.996; p < 0.01) and with the cellular concentrations (r(2) = 0.965; p < 0.01). We concluded that the developed Colorimetric Quantification System based on CCD Images allowed rapid assessment of the cultured cell concentrations with simple equipment at a reduced cost.

A simple method to measure cell viability in proliferation and cytotoxicity assays

Resazurin dye has been broadly used as indicator of cell viability in several types of assays for evaluation of the biocompatibility of medical and dental materials. Mitochondrial enzymes, as carriers of diaphorase activities, are probably responsible for the transference of electrons from NADPH + H+ to resazurin, which is reduced to resorufin. The level of reduction can be quantified by spectrophotometers since resazurin exhibits an absorption peak at 600 çm and resorufin at 570 çm wavelengths. However, the requirement of a spectrophotometer and specific filters for the quantification could be a barrier to many laboratories. Digital cameras containing red, green and blue filters, which allow the capture of red (600 to 700 çm) and green (500 to 600 çm) light wavelengths in ranges bordering on resazurin and resorufin absorption bands, could be used as an alternative method for the assessment of resazurin and resorufin concentrations. Thus, our aim was to develop a simple, cheap and precise method based on a digital CCD camera to measure the reduction of resazurin. We compared the capability of the CCD-based method to distinguish different concentrations of L929 and normal Human buccal fibroblast cell lines with that of a conventional microplate reader. The correlation was analyzed through the Pearson coefficient. The results showed a strong association between the measurements of the method developed here and those made with the microplate reader (r² = 0.996; p < 0.01) and with the cellular concentrations (r² = 0.965; p < 0.01). We concluded that the developed Colorimetric Quantification System based on CCD Images allowed rapid assessment of the cultured cell concentrations with simple equipment at a reduced cost.

Biotypes of Candida albicans isolates from the oral mucosa of HIV seropositive and control subjects / Biótipos de amostras de Candida albicans isoladas da mucosa oral de sujeitos HIV soropositivos e controles

Purpose: This study evaluated the Candida albicans biotypes from oral mucosa according to some host variables, such as HIV infection; medication use - protease inhibitors (PI), non protease inhibitors (NPI) or no medication (NM); dental prosthesis wearing (PW) or not (NPW); and yeast variables (activity levels of protease and phospholipase). Methods: Samples from the oral mucosa of 193 HIV+ subjects and 205 HIV- subjects were collected by means of sterile swabs and seeded onto Sabouraud dextrose agar. The isolates were identified by microculture on slide, germ tube formation, auxanogram, and zimogram. Ninety-two isolates were obtained from HIV+ individuals: 49 from patients under PI, 31 from patients under NPI and 12 from patients with no medication. The control group comprised 63 isolates from HIV- patients. Results: From the 95 possible C. albicans biotypes, 46 were identified in the sample, and the most prevalent were: 10122 (46.4%); 11122 (38.01%); 01031 (42.4%); 00022 (40%); (P<0.01 - Spearman correlation test). No difference was detected among PI, NPI, and NM groups. The control group exhibited intermediate enzymatic activity level from dentate isolates, and high protease activity level amongst isolates from prosthesis wearers.Conclusion: It was not possible to detect any inhibitory action of PI drugs on the enzymatic activity of C. albicans.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou biótipos de isolados de Candida albicans da mucosa oral utilizando-se variáveis do hospedeiro: infecção pelo HIV; medicação - uso de inibidores de protease (IP), não inibidores (NIP), ausência de medicação (SM); e uso ou não de prótese. Da levedura foram utilizadas as variáveis relativas à produção de protease e fosfolipase (nível de atividade). Metodologia: O material da mucosa bucal de 193 sujeitos HIV+ e 205 sujeitos HIV- foi coletado com swab estéril e semeado em Agar Sabouraud dextrose. A identificação dos isolados foi obtida pelos testes de micro cultivo em lâmina, tubos germinativos, auxanograma e zimograma. Utilizaram-se 92 amostras isoladas de indivíduos HIV+, sendo 49 de pacientes IP, 31 de pacientes NIP e 12 de pacientes sem uso de medicação (SM). O controle constou de 63 amostras isoladas de indivíduos HIV-. Resultados: Dos 95 diferentes biótipos possíveis, obteve-se 46, sendo os mais prevalentes: 10122 (46,4%); 11122 (38,01%); 01031 (42,4%); 00022 (40%); (P<0,01 - teste de correlação de Spearman). Não houve nenhuma diferença entre os subgrupos IP, NIP e SM. As amostras isoladas dos controles exibiram atividade intermediária de protease (dentados) e alta atividade de protease (portadores de próteses). Conclusão: Não foi possível constatar interferência dos IP na atividade enzimática de C. albicans.

Autopercepção da doença periodontal em idosos / Self-perception of periodontal disease in older individuais

Introdução - estudo epidemiológicos mostram alta prevalência de doença periodontal em idosos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a autopercepção de doença periodontal em uma população de idosos e sua associação com a real prevalência desta doença. Material e Métodos - Participaram deste estudo 50 idosos funcionalmente independentes com 60 anos de idade ou mais. Foram coletados dados sócio-demográficos (sexo, idade, escolaridade do pai, escolaridade da mãe e escolaridade do participante), clínicos (presença de doença periodontal), comportamentais (tabagismo) e variáveis subjetivas (autopercepção da condição gengival). Os dados subjetivos foram baseados no questionário GOHAI. Foi realizado um pré-teste do questionário, bem como a calibração deste e das variáveis clínicas. Resultados - Não houve associação entre fumo e doença periodontal (p = 0,40). Os indivíduos apresentaram baixa percepção de problemas periodontais, sangramento gengival, retração gengival e presença de cálculo. De acordo com a análise de regressão univariada, apenas mobilidade detectada clinicamente influiu significativamente na percepção de problemas gengivais. Indivíduos que apresentavam mobilidade dentária apresentaram 4,48 vezes mais chances de responder que existia algum problema com a gengiva. Conclusão - A autopercepção da doença periodontal em idosos foi baixa. Indivíduos que apresentavam mobilidade dentária apresentaram maior chance de responder que existia algum problema com a gengiva

Oral candidiasis in HIV+ patients under treatment with protease inhibitors.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of Protease Inhibitors (PI) on the occurrence of oral candidiasis in 111 HIV+ patients under PI therapy (Group A). The controls consisted of 56 patients that were not using PI drugs (Group B) and 26 patients that were not using any drugs for HIV therapy (Group C). The patient's cd4 cell counts were taken in account for the correlations. One hundred and ninety three patients were evaluated. The PI did not affect the prevalence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.158) or the frequency of C. albicans isolates (p = 0.133). Patients with lower cd4 cell counts showed a higher frequency of C. albicans isolates (p = 0.046) and a greater occurrence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.036).

Oral candidiasis in HIV+ patients under treatment with protease inhibitors

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of Protease Inhibitors (PI) on the occurrence of oral candidiasis in 111 HIV+ patients under PI therapy (Group A). The controls consisted of 56 patients that were not using PI drugs (Group B) and 26 patients that were not using any drugs for HIV therapy (Group C). The patient's cd4 cell counts were taken in account for the correlations. One hundred and ninety three patients were evaluated. The PI did not affect the prevalence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.158) or the frequency of C. albicans isolates (p = 0.133). Patients with lower cd4 cell counts showed a higher frequency of C. albicans isolates (p = 0.046) and a greater occurrence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.036).

Manifestações clínicas intrabucais da doença de Crohn – Relato de caso clínico / Oral manifestation in Crohn’s Disease − Case report

A doença de Crohn é uma doença inflamatória granulomatosa, de etiologia desconhecida, mas de natureza imunológica relacionada a uma suscetibilidade genética. A doença foi descrita pela primeira vez por Crohn e colaboradores em 1932, usando o termo inflamação regional do íleo. Atualmente está claro, que qualquer nível do trato gastrintestinal pode ser acometido. A doença afeta pacientes jovens e pode se apresentar da forma aguda ou crônica podendo ocorrer diversas manifestações sistêmicas, inclusive na cavidade bucal. O tratamento médico varia em função do quadro clínico e muitas vezes se baseia apenas no controle dos sintomas. A prevalência na cavidade bucal varia conforme a faixa etária atinge ambos os sexos e é mais prevalente em leucodermas. Essa doença apresenta um polimorfismo de lesões bucais, muitas vezes de maneira inespecífica. Em aproximadamente 30por cento dos casos as lesões bucais precedem as manifestações sistêmicas O relato de caso explorou a literatura atual e enfatizou os aspectos clínicos odontológicos, os diagnósticos diferenciais e o papel do cirurgião-dentista no diagnóstico precoce dessa doença.

Ação dos anticoncepcionais orais de baixa dosagem na gengiva humana / The role of low-dosage oral contraceptives on human gingiva

A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos dos anticoncepcionais orais (AO) de baixa dosagem na gengiva humana, em 110 pacientes, sendo 51 usuárias e 59 não usuárias da medicação e divididas em universitárias e não universitárias, utilizando-se os índices de placa (IPL) e gengival (IG). Os resultados clínicos obtidos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico de Kruskal-Wallis. Pudemos constatar, de maneira geral, que o índice de placa é proporcional ao índice gengival, sugerindo que as condições locais têm maior importância, para as pacientes sob ação hormonal dos AO.

Manejo clínico ambulatorial do paciente portador de hepatite viral / Clinical management of patients with viral hepatitis

O fígado pode ser afetado por agentes químicos, físicos ou biológicos. Atualmente, aceita-se a existência de 9 vírus hepatotrópicos capazes de causar hepatites virais. Independentemente do tipo de hepatite viral, as alterações hepáticas podem estar presentes no paciente e representar distúrbios funcionais importantes. O cirurgião-dentista deve estar apto a tratar o paciente hepatopata, sendo capaz de avaliar as alterações sistêmicas relacionadas ao mau funcionamento do órgão.

Peripheral clear cell variant of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor: Report of a case and immunohistochemical investigation.

A case of peripheral calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, clear cell variant, located on the right gingival maxilla of a 48-year-old woman, presenting as a 2.0-cm solitary, firm nodule was studied. Microscopically, it was composed of polyhedral and clear epithelial cells associated with amyloid-like deposition. The clear epithelial cells exhibited granules that were positive for periodic acid-Schiff, and the amyloid-like deposit stained with Congo red showed a green birefringence in the polarized light. Polyhedral and clear epithelial cells were immunopositive for AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin 14. Immunoexpression of fibronectin and types I and III collagen were different between the amyloid-like deposits and the connective tissue stroma. Tenascin surrounded epithelial cells located inside the amyloid-like deposits. Laminin and type IV collagen were immunodetectable around the strands, cords, and nests of epithelial cells. This report represents the seventh case of peripheral calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, clear cell variant.

Análise da citotoxicidade in vitro da solução de própolis em propilenoglicol / Analysis of cytotoxicity in vitro of the propolis solution in propylene glycol

A própolis tem cada vez mais sido pesquisada em Odontologia, devido as suas várias ações, entre elas as antiinflamatórias trazendo vantagens terapêuticas em vista da sua ação reparadora em úlceras bucais. O objetivo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade in vitro da solução de própolis em propilenoglicol. Fibroblastos de mucosa jugal humana foram cultivados, sendo posteriormente estabelecida uma linhagem denominada FLM. A imunofluorescência das células e a presença da vimentina, caracterizaram a linhagem como mesenquimal. Para simular in vitro condicões similares às úlceras aftosas recorrentes, privamos as células parcialmente de nutrientes. Experimentos de longo prazo ou sobrevivência celular foram realizados, utilizando-se três diferentes concentrações de própolis em propilenoglicol ('10 POT. -3', '10 POT. -2' e '10 POT. -1'). Os resultados da solução de própolis em propilenoglicol em concentrações '10 POT. -3' e '10 POT. -2', foram semelhantes as culturas controles, sendo essas inócuas aos fibroblastos (p = 0,05), entretanto não houve confluência celular na concentração de '10 POT. -1' no sétimo dia do experimento. Conclui-se que a solução de própolis (tipo 12) em propilenoglicol e o propilenoglicol isoladamente são biocompatíveis in vitro, não afetando ou impedindo o crescimento e a viabilidade celular dos fibroblastos da mucosa bucal humana.